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Learning Connects No. 20

2024: a year for skills!

2024: a year for skills!

Director Pilvi Torsti acknowledges the challenges of the past year, emphasises celebrating education and skills achievements, and highlights the ETF's focus on anticipating future skills.

Greetings from the ETF Director, Pilvi Torsti

At the end of a fraught year geo-politically across the globe, and with sorrow for the pain and suffering of so many people including those in ETF partner countries, it is more important than ever to remember the achievements of this year, however small.

As we enter into a festive season let us celebrate the contribution of all those working on education and skills development which offers so much hope for the future to young and old, next generations, and societies at large.

The ETF has concluded 2023 with a communication campaign on 'skills for growth' and will begin 2024 with a complementary campaign on 'skills for the future' which forms the focus of this edition of Learning Connects. To ensure economic growth means looking into the future and predicting as far as possible the skills that will be needed. 

Driven by new technologies that blend the physical, digital and biological worlds, the fourth industrial revolution is transforming industries, economies and societies around the world. Two articles in this edition show first-hand the impact of technologies in different parts of the labour market in the EU’s neighbouring regions: the agri-food sector in the Western Balkans and the platform economy in the Southern Mediterranean.

Other global trends such as shifting demographics, migration and climate change are intensifying this process. Different national and regional contexts require different solutions and alternative pathways to equip and re-equip people with the knowledge and skills they need for life and work in the world of tomorrow. Their impact and how they are managed varies from place to place.  

The ETF works closely with partner countries to reform their education and skills development systems in response to national and local needs with a few to the future and the global context. Ensuring multi-stakeholder engagement in the policy process is a core pillar of the our work to develop inclusive, evidence-based skills ecosystems. Emphasis is given to building high-quality vocational education and training systems within a lifelong learning perspective to ensure that people have the correct skills for the green and digital transformations in particular. We offer targeted studies on education, skills and the labour market, regular monitoring and evaluation. Policy learning and the sharing of good practice are facilitated across ETF supported networks spanning local, national, European, and international levels.

The 18th December marked International Migrants Day. Migrants build bridges between countries; sending, transit and receiving countries. They are critical for the survival of many sectors and economies across the globe. The ETF’s Senior Expert in Migration and Entrepreneurship, Mariavittoria Garlappi, highlights the importance of the skills dimensions of migration in the ETF's work and support to the European Union as an important component to securing a better future for all.

On behalf of all the staff of the ETF we look forward to continuing our efforts in 2024, when the ETF celebrates its 30th birthday which means 30 years of partnership with all our counterparts that has weathered many critical events and changes in economies and societies, and will continue to do so.

We wish you all peace and prosperity.

 

Skilling up the Western Balkan agri-food sector

Harvesting innovation: the Western Balkan agri-food transformation unveiled

Skilling up Western Balkan agri-food sector and how it takes center-stage in the digital and AI revolution!

Agriculture is vital to the economies of the Western Balkans, where the percentage of land dedicated to agriculture far exceeds the EU average of 40.8%. It is 50% in North Macedonia and 44.2% in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Employment in agriculture as a percentage of total employment in the region also far exceeds the EU figure of 3.8%, standing at 13.1% in Serbia, 17.5% in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 36.4% in Albania.

It's a key sector for the EU too, with agriculture and food the largest production and manufacturing elements of the European economy, providing over 44 million jobs. The sector is also the focus of landmark EU initiatives, the Farm-to-Fork and European Biodiversity Strategies, which aim to green and digitalise the agri-food value chain and protect the natural world.

But as highlighted at an international networking: “Skilling Up the Western Balkan Agri-Food Sector”, from 5th to 7th December in Skopje, North Macedonia, it is an industry which finds itself at the forefront of the digital and AI revolutions.

An ETF project on the theme was launched in 2022 and Skopje was the initiative’s second international conference. There has been an exponential increase in patent filings in the agri-tech sector in recent years, soaring from circa 50,000 submissions in 2010 to almost 140,000 per annum today, with serious implications for knowledge transfer: there is often a critical lag between innovation and educational provision. 

The conference brought together a range of stakeholders from the Western Balkan economies – entrepreneurs, business support organisations, education and training providers and ministerial representatives – to identify those future skills requirements, analyse granulated research into individual economies, forge connections and partnerships and understand EU funding opportunities.

Opening the conference, ETF Director Pilvi Torsti, said:

“Upskilling and reskilling, in particular at the cross-section of agri-food with digitalisation and greening, is at the core of Western Balkan competitiveness.”

Lauding the region’s many “innovative SMEs… bringing new ideas and fresh perspectives”, Torsti quoted the European Commissioner for the Internal Market, Thierry Breton:

“SMEs are the beating heart of our Single Market economy, and the ultimate engine of our resilience.”

A foresight exercise by Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini revealed the vast range of technological innovations that delegates believed to be priorities for agricultural development: automation, including agricultural robots and autonomous vehicles, big data and predictive analytics, weather monitoring, predictive maintenance, biological fertilisers and pesticides, waste management and so on.

In a real-time, interactive survey, the number one challenge identified by participating delegates was the lack of alignment between the agri-food sector and the training curricula: a “slow and limited adaptation of [training] programmes to labour market needs”.

In break-out groups, delegates identified other skills required by the sector in the short, medium and long term: genetic engineering, micro- and nano-technologies, robotics, image analysis, data-mining, waste management, metagenomics, gene sequencing and so on.

But as well as those “hard skills”, a recurrent theme raised by delegates throughout the conference was the requirement for “soft skills”. Presenting the findings of his FIELDS project (a survey of farmers, agri-food companies, foresters and education providers from 12 countries), Prof. Jacques Trienekens of Wageningen University (Holland) revealed that of all the training needs listed, the softer, transversal skills often ranked highest: business planning, strategic management and communication.

“Technical skills are very important”, he said, “but equally important are soft skills, knowing how to collaborate with suppliers and customers, understanding marketing and nurturing creative thinking. This is what we saw in all countries and in all dimensions.”

It was a point echoed by many delegates: the need for problem-solving and for creative and visionary skills.

“One needs that ability to see what is going to happen,” said Kacper Nosarzewski, a foresight consultant. “With AI you need to know what to ask and how to ask it, how to identify the problem and transform it into written form. That's quite challenging.”

The necessity for creativity within a sector often considered rigidly grounded was underlined by Adeel Tariq, of Finland’s Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT). He spoke about the importance of embedding art within STEM (the “hard” subjects of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) to create “steam”:

“That’s how you apply innovation to agri-business, not by ignoring art but by integrating it.”

Site visits revealed the degree of innovation and entrepreneurial energy among young companies throughout Skopje: at Greenagro, Tanja Kotevska showed delegates how her family company has evolved from being an animal feed broker into an actual producer, creating their own premixes bespoke to each herd: they combine around 50 components, including vitamins, minerals and amino acids for farmers to add to feeds. Thanks to research with veterinary schools in Türkiye and Spain, the company has now pivoted to producing probiotics (beneficial bacteria or yeasts) for animal feeds, thus helping livestock’s digestive systems, immunity and feed-conversion ratios.

Ivan Kungulovski showed other delegates around Bio Engineering, a company that started out building treatment plants for both human and industrial waste, but which has now evolved into producing cutting-edge bioproducts for applications in healthcare, agriculture, forestry and the environment. The firm also offers detailed microbiological testing for the water, food, wine, and cosmetics industries.

Sofia Deceva of Matryoshka demonstrated her ground-breaking wine ice-cream, “Wice”. Having invented a method to freeze wine close to zero degrees (rather than the normal -18), Deceva applied for a patent and designed her own production line on the outskirts of Skopje. Her ice-creams – combining fruity flavours with Macedonian Merlot, Chardonnay and Riesling wines – is now revered by Macedonian consumers.

The conference created a space for both formal and informal networking. Vladmir Rudl introduced delegates to Enterprise Europe Network, describing its 600 centres in more than 60 countries with over 4,000 experienced professionals, including over 100 active members in the agricultural sector.

“The EEN,” said Rudl, “offers support in finding business partners, organising B2B meetings, hosting international trade-fairs and providing a partnering database.”

But there was also much unfacilitated networking, with delegates swapping inspiring stories of their challenges and solutions: genetically selecting bees to be immune to the varroa mite which is decimating hives throughout Europe; the creation of aquaponic systems to use cray-fish excrement to grow tomatoes; patenting microbial products to improve soil fertility and so on.

Conversations amongst delegates often raised the challenges and difficulties they face: many alluded to the skills shortages in the Western Balkans for highly-skilled labour.

“The lack of a competent workforce is one of our most acute problems,” said one delegate. “There are only 50 graduates in food technology every year.” “We are exporting our best people to the EU and further afield,” said another.

Another relevant headwind was the serious reputational issue facing countries in the Western Balkans:

“The credibility of Macedonian companies is very low,” said Tanja Kotevska, “it’s really serious and we need to work on the business image of our country.”

Almin Karameni of Sumska Tajna, a major producer of organic berries, garlic and other foodstuffs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, said: 

“We're battling prejudices, and we need to break these superstitions.”

Karameni described a major European supermarket refusing to buy his produce at €6/kilo, but that an Austrian friend was able to sell the same produce on his behalf to the supermarket at €9/kilo. “‘We will not buy from you’ was the message.”

Many referred also to the difficulties of exporting to the EU due to the stringency of food regulations. “It’s right that they exist,” said one delegate, “but the cost of carrying out all the required research means I just can’t conceive of exporting there.” Business support services have not evolved to support Western Balkan exports to the EU.

In describing funding opportunities, Blagoja Mukanov, of AgFutura Technologies, suggested that more and more businesses are looking for Western Balkan partners in funding bids “because we are very skilled but cheaper than our competitors”.

Mukanov described the EU’s research and innovation fund, Horizon, as “one of the most competitive and complex projects not just within Europe, but the whole world”.

“The EU wants to capitalise on the brains within Europe and really engage people that are technologically ready and extremely disruptive, with projects that work on the ground, hold water, have meaning and deserve large-scale piloting.”

Mukanov, himself a farmer, also offered intriguing insights into the “information asymmetrics” in agriculture:

“My perception is that digitalising agriculture is a process, not a tool. It’s not about the software or hardware. It’s actually much more complex because we are dealing with individuals who have their own mode of behaving that is challenging. We often underestimate their [farmers’] behavioural matrix.”

The conference closed with the presentation by the ETF’s Gordon Purvis regarding the set up of an Advisory Board to support the skilling up of the Western Balkan agri-food sector and to maintain momentum after the formal closure of the project in 2025. The role of the Board will be to share knowledge, analysis and critical thinking.

Board members will include country representatives of the EU’s Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development (IPARD), national smart specialisation working groups and the EU’s Joint Research Centre. European Commission representatives from DGs Employment and Social Affairs, Agriculture and Rural Development, and Neighbourhood and Enlargement Relations will also be invited to participate.

The final conference of the project is expected to take place in June 2024.

For more information, see ETF Open Space.

 

Building bridges across nations with skills, expertise and partnerships

Building bridges across nations with skills, expertise and partnerships

ETF's journey is a captivating exploration of human capital development with untold stories of migration and skill evolution.

ETF's journey is a captivating exploration of human capital development with untold stories of migration and skill evolution.

The European Training Foundation is a natural bridge between the European Union and the vast European neighbourhood, says Mariavittoria Garlappi, a senior human capital development expert specialising in the skills dimensions of entrepreneurship and migration. It does this by creating and sharing new skills-linked knowledge at the country and regional levels.

Findings from research into migration in seven European neighbourhood countries illustrate the importance of ETF’s work. Noteworthy, and sometimes counter-intuitive, are rising qualification levels among migrants, and a growing feminisation of the phenomenon – many more migrants are skilled woman on their own, searching for better opportunities.

The ETF also provides expert policy and strategy advice to its 29 partner countries, and leverages partnerships to support education and training systems within and between nations. Its partner countries stretch from North Africa and the Middle East, through the Balkans and Turkey, to Ukraine and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia.

Entrepreneurship and migration – Hot topics

Garlappi explores new knowledge in her thematic fields of entrepreneurship and migration skills. “Don’t ask me how I came up with these two; life has its mysteries. But I love these topics. I keep informed about new developments. I look at the realities in our partner countries, so as to develop new understandings and new approaches to skills aspects,” she says.

These are reinforced by networking. Part of Garlappi’s time is spent at events or exchanges with other institutions at the international, European and institutional levels, such as the International Organisation of Migration, the European Commission (EC), universities and research institutes.

ETF experts do not work alone, she stresses: “Knowledge creation is a collective exercise. Together with colleagues, we prepare and share analyses of what’s happening in a given country or region. We produce policy recommendations, because that’s the main objective of ETF, and provide support for long-term development in our partner countries at system level. It’s co-creating at a broader level.”

An important aspect of Garlappi’s work is supporting EC activities in entrepreneurship or migration, and linking them to partner countries. “The Commission has the big budget and resources, while the ETF is there to provide ideas and recommendations for action.”

Well-grounded expertise

Maria Vittoria GarlappiDuring her 18 years at the ETF, Garlappi has had many roles. She has worked mostly in the Southern Mediterranean area, and in a previous job with the Italian Chambers of Commerce, she operated in Central Asia, the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe.

She has worked at the school level, running teacher training and curriculum projects, and even setting up schools. She’s been an ETF country liaison and a country manager – in Palestine, Morocco, Tunisia, Israel and Kosovo. Now she operates more in the thematic policy and strategic arenas.

Her working life has been dedicated to education, although the field of her master’s degree from Johns Hopkins University in the United States was international relations. “I immediately turned to education because I thought that’s the best way to really do aid,” she says. An international relations background has helped her work with partner countries that are very different from EU member states. “Without this understanding, you risk missing important things.’

A complex terrain

Given the diversity of partner countries, it is not easy to discern a coherent picture of what is going on across the neighbourhood. To resolve some of the complexities, ETF experts work with partner countries and the EC to find up-to-date and efficient approaches to any situation.

For instance, says Garlappi, Europe might need more nurses and welders, doctors and truck drivers. “Quite unexpectedly for many people, the same skills needed for those jobs are also lacking in the countries of origin of migrants who come to Europe. These are common issues.”

Also, for example, people migrate for many reasons. “Because the salaries are too low, because conditions of work are not decent enough, because the decision to leave your own country is very personal. We may think we are so different, but in fact, we are very similar.”

Having worked in many ETF countries, she also knows their specificities. “This combination of common trends and country specificities is where the ETF can add something,” she says. The ETF’s long-term monitoring and assessment of skills policies, systems and performance helps its partner countries to measure how they are performing, track trends and share best practices.

The agency monitors country support for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), including for entrepreneurship training. Garlappi led two rounds of assessment, conducted with the OECD, of how Europe’s Small Business Act has been adopted in North Africa and the Middle East.

The ETF has a voluntary network of centres of vocational excellence. Network centres must fill in a self-assessment tool, and some of the indicators are about entrepreneurship. “We are able to monitor entrepreneurship at the vocational school level through the network,” she says.

An entrepreneurial mindset

The EC recognises entrepreneurship as a key competence that every citizen should have. The broad nature of Europe’s key competencies is reflected in the ETF’s work, Garlappi says.

Entrepreneurship is seen as not only about promoting business start-ups. Historically, the literature suggests around 8% of a population should be entrepreneurs. “At the ETF we promote much more than that – an entrepreneurial mindset for everybody in society.”

Entrepreneurship helps make students and teachers flourish, says Garlappi. “It has to do with creativity and taking the initiative, mobilising the resources around you to add value. This value can be financial, but also cultural or social, without the need to set up a company.” Entrepreneurial learning can also help self-employed people to better manage their work lives.

“We try to see how far the training system can help to provide an entrepreneurial mindset to everyone,” she says. “Linked to this campaign, I think entrepreneurship as a mindset is the basis for growth. Because growth is not only economic. It is also about creating value. When a civil servant is effective, when a housewife creates value, when a teacher is entrepreneurial, the whole society moves on.”

Garlappi has been working on the concept of entrepreneurial schools. It is not enough to foster an entrepreneurial mindset through teachers, especially if the overall school and the behaviour of staff are not entrepreneurial. She has been leading a partnership promoting entrepreneurial schools involving five institutions from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Morocco and Tunisia.

Also, she led a major seven-year initiative in Tunisia to promote entrepreneurship as a mindset, around four integrated pillars. The first pillar was policymaking. Says Garlappi: “We started by defining what entrepreneurship as a key competence is for Tunisians. Not for the Europeans, not copy-paste.” A charter of entrepreneurial learning for Tunisia was produced, and agreed with social partners, employers, trade unions, NGOs and ministries.

The second pillar was pedagogy, developing a module and training for trainers. “It is now compulsory in the overall VET system in Tunisia. I’m very proud of that.” There was a third pillar looking at what governments can do to help a VET school be entrepreneurial, and a fourth pillar about networking among practitioners and policymakers.

The main message from the initiative is that partnerships are key. This was able to happen because government, schools, trainers, students and social partners were all on board.

“You cannot delegate this only to teachers in school. That doesn’t work,” she argues. “Parallel to that, you need to have a policy vision, and then pedagogy, and then networking across practitioners and educators, among entrepreneurs and trainers and students.”

Migration or demographic transition?

Migration is a major issue globally. In its favour, people who migrate across borders are natural bridges among countries. But there are big questions around identity. If migrants are seen as undermining people’s identities, migration becomes a problem:

“In the biggest part, they are an opportunity,” says Garlappi. “Europe needs millions of migrants in the coming years as we are an ageing society. And if we want to tackle the green and digital transition, we need skilled people from abroad”.

“The skills dimensions of migration are a win-win for everybody. It’s an area where we can more easily find agreements across countries – more than if we talk about border control or visas or readmission,” she says. “Very recently, the EC launched two very important initiatives to foster legal pathways of labour migration with the countries of origin. ETF is helping on that. That’s where we can add value.”

Garlappi led a major assessment and monitoring exercise of migration spanning decades and covering seven countries – Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia. The ETF team analysed the extent to which the needs of migrants were captured by education and training systems, and what policies and measures were in place to support them. “Next year we want to do this across all ETF partner countries.”

This exercise has produced findings of major significance that will help Europe at large understand and deal optimally with the hot potato of migration. It led to the two emerging trends around rising migrant qualifications and gender. While migrants from the Maghreb region used to be low skills, today a third of Moroccans abroad have university degree-level education. And one third of skilled migrants are women, leaving their countries alone to find a better life.

Contrary to what many people think, if a country has economic development there will be more, not less, migration in the first phase. “Migrating is costly, so it’s not the poorest of the poor who can migrate. You need money, you need a network, and you need some character to leave, even from the poorest countries,” says Garlappi.

Migration is a key feature of the seven countries analysed. Despite having at least 10% of their populations abroad, education and training policies are not much concerned about migrants. For instance, equipping them with languages and cultural skills, or providing services.

“The attention has been almost exclusively on remittances so far. Sending people abroad to get money back,” Garlappi says. While remittances are important, the focus has been changing as countries like Morocco and Tunisia increasingly miss the skilled people they lose.

Now countries want to counter the brain drain. To do that, they need to accompany people abroad, monitor them, and find out if at some point they are ready to invest back. Together with new policies, “partnerships among sending and receiving countries are needed that can have long-term beneficial effects for both countries and some sustainability mechanism”.

More and more, Garlappi concludes, “we talk about green, digital and demographic transition in Europe. The need we have for people from outside is enormous. So now we call it ‘demographic transition’, rather than migration.” Whatever the name, ETF analysis makes clear that the green, digital and demographic transitions link to each other – and to the entrepreneurial imperative.

New forms of work and platform economy in the Southern Mediterranean

New forms of work and platform economy in the Southern Mediterranean

The evolving landscape: traditional jobs vanish, local platforms clash, and freelancing faces skepticism, marking a pivotal period of transition.

The evolving landscape: traditional jobs vanish, local platforms clash, and freelancing faces skepticism, marking a pivotal period of transition.

The ETF study on new forms of work in SEMED countries highlights the main trends in the region and provides some figures on platform workers in different countries (including the shocking 380% increase in online working platforms since 2017), but it also highlights an important aspect that is clear to all speakers and participants: the lack of data and statistics, coupled with the reluctance of the main companies in the sector to provide essential information for policy studies.

The ETF study on new forms of work in SEMED countries highlights the main trends in the region and provides some figures on platform workers in different countries (including the shocking 380% increase in online working platforms since 2017), but it also highlights an important aspect that is clear to all speakers and participants: the lack of data and statistics, coupled with the reluctance of the main companies in the sector to provide essential information for policy studies.

At a three-day event, organised by the European Training Foundation (ETF) and the Union for the Mediterranean, on youth employment in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMED) on 12 December in Turin, the focus was on new forms of work, with a particular emphasis on the platform economy sector.

“The platform economy is developing around the world, but data is really scarce. At the ETF, we have conducted research on this sector not only in the Southern Mediterranean, but also in the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe. We are advocating for more in-depth research and data production, as the main problem for the latter is that platforms like Uber don't disclose their data," said Francesca Rosso, ETF Human Capital Development Expert and Skills Demand Analysis Coordinator.

In the dynamic landscape of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean's platform economy, one discussion revealed a tapestry of opportunities. From enhancing digital skills and unleashing creativity to fostering social entrepreneurship in rural areas, the region is poised for transformative change. Participants emphasised a paradigm shift in the region: "Valuing skills over diplomas," as one participant brilliantly summed up.

This evolution is driving accelerated upskilling and reskilling initiatives, creating not only new skills but also new job opportunities. Moreover, according to some participants, the platform economy is not just a job market but a breeding ground for entrepreneurship, with individuals leaving platforms to start their own businesses. The flexible nature of these jobs not only expands the labour market, but also intersects with the green transition, promoting sustainability by reducing energy costs for offices and buildings. Importantly, the sector seeks to engage low-skilled women (although this consideration doesn't overlap with the results of the ETF study), offering them a gateway to higher wages compared to traditional labour markets.

However, several challenges and threats are just around the corner, and the workshop participants were not blinded by transformative optimism. Amongst the heterogeneous and original perspectives of the different groups and experts in the discussions, the main issues raised were the risks of instruments perceived as neutral reproducing and reinforcing discrimination based on gender, origin and age. Especially the integration of AI into human resources management raises concerns about dehumanisation and calls for the humanisation and regulation of algorithms. 

Regulatory gaps create a breeding ground for issues such as limited opportunities in certain regions and security threats. Societal anxieties about cultural mistrust, payment insecurity and the potential for discrimination might exacerbate social inequalities and exclusion, especially for women (which weigh only 20% of online work on and off platforms) and minorities. The platform model, while offering flexibility, masks systemic problems in the labour market, from harassment to discrimination.

The individualisation of competition fosters loneliness and social detachment, reshaping the social structure. Issues of social and psychological well-being, income sustainability and data security emerge as critical fronts. The platform economy also faces the challenge of reaching all minorities, especially in inaccessible rural areas where a lack of awareness is widespread.

As the landscape evolves, challenges include also the disappearance of traditional jobs, tensions between local and international platforms, and cultural scepticism in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean about freelancing. Communication gaps with the public exacerbate concerns about work-life balance and the overall sustainability of this transformative economic model. The concluding conversations between participants were conscious of the fact that we are witnessing a crucial period of transition, where no answer is simple and immovable.

The best of 2023

Top ETF communication products 2023

From Green Skills Awards to global vocational excellence, dive into trending publications, and  impactful press releases of the year!

? The most read ETF news in 2023 was: 
Green Skills Awards 2023: Take a chance to become the next winner | ETF (europa.eu)
Green Skills Award 2023 winners | ETF (europa.eu)

? The ETF event with the greatest online engagement was:
Internationalising vocational excellence with help from ETF’s tools, case studies, partnerships, and networks | ETF (europa.eu)

? The most read publications were:
Education, Skills, and Employment: Trends for Development. 2023 

? and Torino Process Assessment Reports:
Torino Process 2022–24: Albania | ETF (europa.eu) and 
Torino Process 2022–24: Morocco | ETF (europa.eu)

?️ The most read press release:
PRESS RELEASE - European Training Foundation launches #MySkills4You initiative to empower youth in EU neighbourhood | ETF (europa.eu)

? The most read newsletter:
Learning Connects No. 17 | ETF (europa.eu)

?️ The most listened podcast:
https://www.etf.europa.eu/en/publications-and-resources/multimedia/podcasts/26-demystifying-green-skills

The most watched video:

? Green Skills Award 2023 Finalist: Morocco with Spain - Bouregreg Med-O-Med Gardening School by FUNCI

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