In conclusion, the Montenegrin VET system has clearly demonstrated some progress, in particular regarding being more oriented towards labour market needs, both in terms of types of qualifications and skills needed. It has invested substantially on quality measures, including curricula development and teachers and trainers' training, recognising the central role of these in the system. Yet, some challenges remain and call for probably more ambitious choices and clearer policy trade-offs in favour of VET, in order to be able to offer opportunities for both economic and social integration and foster democratic citizenship and values of all individuals. This requires a greater focus on: skills and competences for employability, adaptability and personal development; modern and valued provision; integrated, responsive, diversified and efficient governance and financing systems.

The recommendations identified in Chapter 3 propose possible steps (to be combined, not sequenced) towards improving the robustness of the strategic approach, hence the future performance of the VET system.

The organisational arrangements needed to implement those recommendations should be explored, discussed and agreed among partners to maximise commitment and chances of success. The upcoming discussions and organisational arrangements for the adoption of the post-2020 VET strategy offer an ideal framework and timeline for this.

This requires sustained attention and evidence-based effort to address in a coordinated and integrated manner many different topics, starting with skills mismatch and policymaking. This also requires a deep, sensitive and probably painful introspection into the cross-sectoral issues of centralisation and institutional resources that would need to be addressed if the ambitious policy objectives are to be met.

The ETF confirms its full support for the Government of Montenegro and its effort to achieve these priorities.